When the Wright brothers chose a powerplant for their first airplane, the 'Flyer', they didn't have a suitable example to buy. Crude engines on the earliest automobiles proved to have enough power but were too heavy. So, they build their own.
Having an aluminum block cast to their specifications, their bicycle shop mechanic Charles Taylor did most of the machining. Threaded iron cylinder liners were screwed in. Non-pressurized water jackets kept the heat down while the air cooled cylinder heads glowed with heat.
Exhaust valves were operated with a camshaft but the intakes were atmospheric valves - with light spring pressure, the intake suction pulled the valves down to let in the air/fuel mixure.
Bore and stroke were 4" each. There was no throttle, the engine ran wide open when started.
Taylor custom machined the billet crankshaft from a 100 pound block of high carbon steel. A lathe and drill press were about the only machining tools they had.
They knew they'd need at least eight horsepower for their craft to fly, this engine, at 200 cubic inches and 4:1 compression ratio developed 12 hp. at 1250 rpm, running off 36 octane gasoline. As you see, the cylinders were horizontal to lower the center of gravity.